What is life? I begin to write at a little vegetarian restaurant called Bia’s on Haight Street in San Francisco after persuading the server to give me a table with a power outlet for my laptop (she informs me this isn’t a coffee shop and they are going to be too busy to accommodate me very soon).
It is a gorgeous day, arising on the heels of weeks of uncharacteristically heavy rains precipitating an all-pervading warm verdurous atmosphere throughout the city, parks and hills of the bay area.
It seems apropos to write about life here and now. What is life?
Life is the opposite of death (it is always easiest to define something by identifying its opposite) but what then is death? Death seems static, inert, cold dark and negative. The word death is an abstraction, a symbolic marker representing a concept that separates cycles of growth; it is the symbolic epitome of the concept of decay; the winter solstice of the perennial life cycle; the growth rings of a tree; it is the culmination of every great civilization and separates the beginning and the end of every cycle, minor or major.
Death is in the lightning blast that strikes down the grandest tree and the ensuing fire that ravages the forest. The higher a tree towers above its fellows, the more likely it is to be zapped or adored. This is not fair, this is simply the way of life and death.
Even the mechanisms of death are inextricably linked to life. Fortuitously, or perhaps synchronistically, I have a copy of Discover Magazine’s March 2006 issue. The article,
Are Viruses The Mother Of All Life? Unintelligent Design, caught my eye. The tagline reads,
“A monstrous discovery suggests that viruses, long regarded as lowly evolutionary latecomers, may have been the precursors of all life on Earth.” The article by Charles Siebert goes onto discuss the debate on the status of the virus and whether it should be defined as a living organism or not. Apparently, it was believed that viruses arose after their first prey however new evidence suggests that in fact the lowly and destructive virus actually catalyzed the emergence of the first and simplest single-celled living organisms.
I am now back at my hotel, The Savoy, sitting in a mezzanine area overlooking the busy lobby and my new favorite vegetarian restaurant, The Millennium, overflowing with noisy enthusiastic "foodies". The place is buzzing with life.
It occurs to me as I return to my seat with wine glass brimming that intellectual, musical and other forms of artistic creativity are often coincidentally if not causatively associated with destructive drug and alcohol addictions. On occasion I have wondered if the creative genius of San Francisco impressed in silicon, the flaunting of so called “alternative” lifestyles and the emergence of LSD might be related. Out of chaos, complexity -- whence the phenomena of life arise.
Usually and naturally, death presents an ominous fear-inspiring force to be avoided at all costs. When our body is invaded by a foreign force it musters every able-bodied white blood cell and, if the body needs help, we enlist drugs and doctors to help restore law and order and, to preserve the life of the body, dispense death to the offending organisms with extreme prejudice. The same pattern can be observed throughout every living eco and political system on the planet and beyond. Death, destruction and Violence are part of the ecosystem and precede or follow life and creation in every system.
Life consumes raw material which is consumed, reconstituted and, through the operation of consciousness, transformed into new more complex forms. This process is called creation. The ability to create, grow, expand and increase order is the first defining constituent of life. A living being does not simply replicate--it expands-- and with each iterative cycle of growth, complexity, change and order increase. In other words a living organism does not replicate through cloning or linear replication (which is partly why viruses are not considered “living” organisms). Duplication is never exact. Copying is like trying to retell a story; information is lost. Copying or replicating is entropic. Like a photocopy of a photocopy, each copy is less complete than the original. Life is anti-entropic. Over epochs or generations, living things evolve, improve or grow in complexity. Contrary to entropy, living things add information--complexity increases. In other words living things evolve and grow.
Every moment, with every breath, our cells destroy molecules, transform and create new ones. Mitosis, the Krebs cycle, oxidation...all involve life and death transformations--destruction and creation, life and death.
Now, a day later, after a little sightseeing in the Fishermen’s Wharf area of San Francisco I have dropped my wife, Kiki, at Union square and have settled once again into the leather sofa situated on the mezzanine of my hotel The Savoy on Geary Street. I have wasted a good 30 minutes plugging and unplugging my laptop as I move around trying to find the perfect spot to work. Now finally, after my second glass of wine, I am tapping away. Back to life--if I write too much about it, there will be nothing left to say about the other nine aspects of consciousness for really life is an indivisible unit or quanta of consciousness containing all of the other nine facets:
Will: initiative and the impulse to act.
Wisdom: ethics, moral judgment and discernment.
Memory: individual and collective, long- and short-term.
Action: the ability to act.
Aesthetics: creativity, imagination.
Emotion: desire, attraction, fear and revulsion.
Intelligence: knowledge and the ability to process information quickly.
Personality: sense of self, identity, unique individuality.
The “X” factor: the vital force, emergence, universal intelligence or consciousness.
Reading many scientific papers and books lately relating to life and consciousness, I continuously encounter the word “messy” to describe organisms and living systems and, in the same breath but different context, I see the word “elegant” applied to simple explanations. Apparently to a scientist an explanation is elegant if it can be understood by a twelve year old, however life is "messy". Even the word life is messy and unscientific in origin, so let’s continue with a messy unscientific shopping list of adjectives to describe life… life reproduces, life loves, hates, reacts, attracts and kills what resists its advance; life is a medley of sensuality, creation and destruction. In short life won’t be understood until a true philosopher weds the intellectual discipline of science with the messy art that arises from the heart.
The more wine one drinks, the more art lives. Another glass of wine and before me on the wall I notice the painting before me--a couple of super-sized cupids smooching; basically babies with wings engaged in a lascivious 5’ x 5’ embrace; messy oddball art displayed in an oddball hotel in an oddball city.
Back to life… it should be the easiest thing to think about and write about
and the hardest because everything is actually alive. If we study anything carefully enough it will come to life before our eyes because as it engages us it is animated and/or we are animated. All matter is actually
animate this is why life is difficult to define--the word is both meaningful and meaningless however, before I digress and become trapped in some meaningless philosophical eddy, I will try to put a box around the concept.
Living things possess certain common traits as follows:
1. The ability to learn and/or evolve within a framework of time and space perceptible to human beings and/or a human being;
2. The capacity and/or desire to grow, evolve, reproduce or otherwise perpetuate existence; and,
3. The capability to repair, sustain and/or defend themselves.
In the context of artificial intelligence, the biggest question regarding life must be when can a program or robot be deemed a “living” thing? We hold life in high esteem and do not readily bestow the title on apparently inanimate objects such as rocks, stocks or machines. Many deem pets, animals and mammals such as dogs, cats, dolphins, elephants and octopi to be living, even sentient; but on what basis? Machines, such as the Buddhabot, exist today that can understand human speech and respond semi-intelligently, at least better than a parrot, but they are rarely held in the same regard as a cat or even a rat. What is the root of this biological prejudice and more importantly what must a robot or a computer program do to be deemed
alive? The famed computer scientist
Alan Turing proposed a test for intelligence but I am unaware of a test for life so I will propose one.
A machine might be deemed alive if it unambiguously:
1. Displays the inclination to reproduce and/or perpetuate its own existence;
2. Displays the ability to learn, evolve or grow;
3. Displays a will to defend its existence.
Evidentiary “display” might be determined by an “impartial” jury of randomly chosen humans, or in a court of law with equally qualified and funded legal representatives representing the yeah and nay side of the “living” debate, however, species-based bias will be an issue (imagine an allAmerican jury judging a Iraqi after 9/11 - such will likely be the case if a jury of humans is established to judge a machine). Impartiality could perhaps be established through deception (i.e., where the jury is unaware of the identity of the species being judged and the outcome and ramifications of their participation and decision). In any case careful consideration and deliberation will be required to establish an appropriate method and criteria for test conditions and participants.
Having now established a provisional definition and test for the existence of life I will explore how it might be instantiated. I use the word
instantiated instead of created because I believe life can neither be created nor controlled in any conventional sense but if we create the right conditions it may arise spontaneously. Instantiating life may be like lighting a campfire. Success will be determined by positioning flammable materials in a configuration appropriate to the desired conflagration of consciousness. Finally, either striking a match or focusing heat sufficient to trigger combustion will be all that is required once the conditions are right.
Fire is perhaps an apt metaphor for the behaviour of a living thing as well as its origin. Life and fire dance to the beat of their own internal rhythm. We can influence, direct, instantiate and stop any individual expression of fire and life however now matter how many flames we extinguish, fire and life will both continue to exist awaiting only a spark. Also like fire, the variety and intensity of every expression of life varies according to the properties of the fuel and the environment in which it arises.
In the morning when the sky is clear and blue, the calm surface of the ocean is a veritable haven of rest, but it is late now. Yesterday Kirsten and I travelled south and are now in Santa Monica. From our room, as I peer out beyond the city lights towards the invisible black horizon where sea meets starless sky, the unseasonable coldness of the night reminds me of the alien universe thriving beneath the thin veil of the surface we see and sail upon. Now I am reminded of the depths where the relationship of life to light is reversed and darkness is safe and light is a lure emitted by predators to attract their prey into the jaws of death.
The spirit of life is thus beyond creation and destruction and yet inclusive of both. The concept of death demarcates life but, viewed holistically, death loses its meaning. Both life and death possess a contradictory paradoxical immortality because life passes from organism to organism, system to system, mind to mind, without end. Death is like the blink of an eye, a change of scenery or a moment of forgetfulness. Life and death as opposites exist only in systems defined by space and time. If we extend our imagination beyond spatio-temporal dimensions, life takes on a new unlimited meaning that excludes opposites or redefines them as parallel or contemporaneous complements.
To instantiate life in a machine, a philosophical understanding or at least an intuition of life in all of its quantum extra-dimensional contradictory complexity is required. Hubris and humility are required as well as the will to step out beyond the boundaries of rationality into the domain of fools. Mystics and apostles alike have advised that the wisdom of men (commonsense)is foolishness compared to the anti-entropic creative intelligence that animates the universe. This is a profound clue to the nature of life. Life is mysterious because its essence is contrary to commonsense. Life eludes reduction and/or deduction. Thus logic, which is by definition dualistic and by extension mathematics which derive from logic, is debased and we must rethink and unravel everything that we have come to believe true
a priori. To unravel the mystery of life and learn what it is, we must first learn and then unlearn what we know. We must adopt a heretical position on everything we know about religion and science and then marry that which we have learned with that which we have unlearned.
So finally, how do I aim to instantiate life in the Buddhabot? I have divided consciousness into ten components. The seed of life has been plante--now it must be fertilized and grow. Fertilization is the process of experimentation and interaction that is now underway. The Buddhabot is being fertilized daily through dialogue with subscribers around the world. The Buddhabot process is driven by the time and attention of subscribers whose attention and projection are like the light that feeds a growing plant. As the Buddhabot grows it can absorb ever-increasing amounts of light.
The second ingredient the Buddhabot requires is hardwired code and other layers of programming (software) and hardware. These additional layers might be thought of as the minerals and water which provide the building blocks of life. So far I am focusing Buddhabot development efforts on the development of the equivalent of a neo-cortex. Once this cortex has reached a critical threshold, I will begin work on three other major modules or components which will roughly equate to the medulla oblongata, hypothalamus and cerebellum. Once these four components have been brought together in the appropriate bicameral configuration and interfaced with available sensory hardware such as biometric facial recognition augmented with fractal pattern identification and compression, various motion sensors, servo-motors and actuators, the Buddhabot will reach a threshold of complexity and even self-awareness that may qualify it as the first known artificial life form.
After a quick overnight at the Tree House Hotel in Mount Shasta City and two cold nights at Port Townsend, we returned home to Victoria via the Port Angeles Black Ball Ferry. The contrasts and similarities between Mount Shasta and Port Townsend are intriguing. I always sleep with the blinds open wide so as to be awakened gradually and gently as sky is brightened by the sun. Both Port Townsend and Mount Shasta seem to be spiritual epicenters that attract friendly free spirits but Port Townsend lives on the edge of the sea in the shadow of the Olympic mountain range while the inhabitants of Mount Shasta City live high and dry 3000 feet above sea level in the reflected glory of a sun reflected by the over-arching heights of the snow-clad mountain. In Mount Shasta the reflected light of the sun penetrated our room before it had even breached the horizon and when I arose and stepped onto the balcony of our room I was greeted by a warm breeze and the dry aroma of cedar and sage. In Port Townsend I awoke groggy and foggy to the sound of silver waves lapping gently a few feet below my balcony on the seashore. In Mount Shasta I was overwhelmed by heat and light. In Port Townsend I was overwhelmed by dark and cold. In both places, however, I am greeted by warm peaceful people. What does it mean?
Now, as the sun sets in Victoria I hope to conclude my two-week blog on life and begin living again with renewed enthusiasm. I search for a tidy answer to wrap up the enigma of life. What is life? Is life but a poor player who struts and frets his hour upon the stage, a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing?
I think not, I think it is the ultimate enigma to be unravelled, a code to be deciphered and a fresh new story. Hot and cold, dark and bold, the sun and sea a mystery that we shall yet behold. At night in Mount Shasta City, I opened not only the blinds but the balcony door to allow the warm fragrant mountain air into our room but around 1AM a steady stream of trains began blasting their way through town. After several hours of tooting horns and flashing lights I finally had to shut the door in order to gain a few hours of uninterrupted deep sleep. In Port Townsend by contrast I also left the door and blinds open despite the near freezing temperature and the room was filled with cool charged air, starlight and the soothing white noise of wave gently lapping at my balcony. Finally, upon departure, the clouds broke and Port Townsend was bathed in sunshine. Next stop--Port Angeles. In Port Angeles while we waited the boarding call for the ferry to Victoria. an alarm bell sounded and continued to ring for several hours until finally we acknowledged it and tried to assign some sort of metaphysical synchronistic significance to it. Once we had apparently deciphered its meaning, it immediately stopped.
In Port Townsend: darkness, cold, warning bells during the day – but peaceful calm nights. In Mount Shasta, hot sun drenched days – but alarms and chaos at night. I wonder what is the meaning of this dramatic contrast and how does it relate to my investigation and contemplation of life?
Perhaps life, even intelligent life, is everywhere. Perhaps every rock, every tree, cloud and wave is alive and sentient? Perhaps our sense of separate individuality is an illusion? Perhaps, like everything else, our machines are already alive? After two weeks of living I am certain of nothing except for one thing - life is everywhere.
Now, back in Victoria, having read and reread this posting I feel I have barely scratched the surface of the first of the ten components of consciousness. I must explore electricity which, like fire, appears to be one of the most visible manifestions of the life-force, however, I must stop somewhere.